Domestic immersion heaters used for heating cold water are characterized by an electrical resistance heating element, which is encased in a tube and directly placed in it. The most common method for heating cold water is the use of portable immersion rod water heater in an open bucket operating in operator control without a controller unit (thermostat). This paper performs an experimental evaluation of portable modifed conventional buckets of 10 l capacity. Out of ten portable modifed storages, the best three cases are discussed: non-insulated Open Plastic Bucket (OPB), non-insulated plastic bucket top surface covered with a transparent cover (CPB), and insulated plastic bucket closed with a transparent cover (ICPB). Maximum temperatures arising after two hours during OPB, CPB, and ICPB are 29. 82%, 47. 36%, and 21. 49%, respectively, compared to the initial temperatures (22. 8 C). At 14: 45 hour, CPB temperature reaches 35. 6 C, which is 17. 88% and 23. 61% higher than OPB and ICPB units. Due to the application of Solar energy in CPB at 35{50 C, net saving increased by 12. 34%, 25. 76%, 40. 73%, 57. 93%, 76. 45%, and 97. 18% from 2017 to 2022 as compared to the saving in 2016.

In the present work, a double-pass Solar air-water heater has been designed for the first time to provide both hot air and hot water for using in many engineering applications. The proposed Solar collector can be a useful device for the purpose of heating spaces and providing domestic hot water, simultaneously. It is like a conventional Solar air heater but five water tubes are installed under the absorber plate with a large common surface area with the heated surface. The two-dimensional numerical simulation with the assumption of quasi-steady condition was done on a rectangular-shaped collector with a length of 1 m and a height of 0.128 m including five water tubes by solving the continuity, momentum, and energy equations for the turbulent airflow by the COMSOL Multi-physics. The effect of forced convection water flow inside the parallel tubes installed below the absorber plate is employed as a convection boundary condition in solving the air energy equation. Also, the convection boundary condition was employed on the boundary surfaces of the glass cover and insulation layer adjacent to the surroundings. Numerical simulations are carried out for the air and water mass flow rates of 0.01 kg/s and 0.03 kg/s, respectively. While the Solar heat flux lies in the range of 5001100 W/m2. In several test cases, high thermal efficiencies (69% to 74%) are computed for the proposed collector, whose value is much higher than a smooth duct Solar air heater operating under the same condition. A comparison is also made between the performances of double-pass and single-pass Solar air-water heaters and a percentage of efficiency increase about 6% was found. This value reached to 75% when this Solar collector is compared with a conventional Solar air heater.

This study presents an energy-exergy analysis of a Humidification-Dehumidification (HD) Solar water desalination system. The extensive application of the HD system lies in its low energy consumption and ability to exploit Solar energy to supply all the heat energy demands. The unsteady governing equations were solved until the system reached a steady state. The simulations were done with the Euler approach to solving the system of energy balance equations numerically. This study's main goal was to investigate the effect of different configurations of the hybrid system and various operating conditions on the performance of the Solar HD water desalination system. The optimum configuration was selected based on thermodynamic and exergy analyses. The effects of important parameters such as inlet water and air mass flow rate in the humidifier and dehumidifier water temperature and mass flow rate on the system's operation were studied. This paper also explored the feasibility of the extra heat as a domestic water heater under various conditions. Based on exergy analysis, it is shown that the Solar desalination system with air-water preheater with the power of 1057. 9 W had the most exergy destruction in comparison with the two other systems (i. e., water preheater system and air preheater system with the respective exergy destructions of 901. 3 W and 75. 3 W). Comparing the values of freshwater production, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency, the Solar system with a water preheater was selected as the optimum one.

Canadian researchers are now trying to exploit much more energy from Solar sources, hydropower, wind, and biomass. Given the fact that reducing the carbon pollutant level is a political priority in Canada, this paper studies the feasibility of providing sanitary hot water and space heating demands of a four-member family in 10 provinces in this country. The feasibility analysis was performed by T*SOL Pro 5. 5 software, and radiation data were obtained by MeteoSyn software. Results indicated that the most suitable station in terms of using Solar water heater was Regina, which supplied 35 % of the total heat load for space heating and sanitary hot water purposes. This accounted for 5074 kWh of heat for space heating (25 % of demand) and 3112 kWh energy for sanitary hot water (94 % of demand) using a 40 m2 Solar collector. In addition, results are indicative of an annual amount of saving up to 2080 kg of CO2 in the Regina station and an annual reduction of 984 m3 in natural gas for this station. In conclusion, Canada has a potentially alluring market to utilize Solar water heaters for providing sanitary hot water for the residential sector.